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NUTRITION

Carbohydrate Intake For Endurance Athletes

Carbohydrate (CHO) has long been associated with improved endurance performance, particularly at high intensities. Runners, cyclists and rowers consistently found to experience improvements in a variety of aspects e.g. power output, following high CHO diets or following CHO supplementation. Not all exercise requires the same approach though, duration, exercise intensity and exercise mode all determinants of correct dietary implementation.

Before we get into the mechanisms and other considerations, however, it is first important to define endurance exercise. Essentially when we discuss endurance exercise we are talking about ‘exercise relying predominately upon aerobic ATP (energy) production’. Interested?Keep reading...

So why is CHO so important?

Put simply literature claims that in exercise >30 minutes the major contributors to fatigue are CHO depletion, gastrointestinal (GI) distress,  hyperthermia and hyponatremia (dangerously low blood sodium levels), this is most prevalent in events >4hrs.

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CHO transport and utilisation

The rate limiter for CHO utilisation is gut transport. Movement out of the gut requires activation of the protein transporters SGLT-1 (glucose) and Glut 5 (Fructose), without which CHO cannot cross the gut membrane. Saturation points are 1g.min for SGLT-1 and 0.5g.min for Glut 5, above these levels CHO cannot be transported and so will remain in the gut. This has been strongly correlated to GI distress, feelings of nausea and ultimately inhibited performance.

Beyond the gut, enzymes heavily involved in glucose/glycogen utilisation e.g. glycogen phosphorylase and citrate synthase, need to be exposed to elevated levels of CHO in conjunction with exercise to adapt optimally and maximise high-intensity performance. By upregulating pathways such as these we maximise our ability to resynthesize ATP via the glycolytic pathway and, therefore, improve our abilities to attain and maintain high-intensity efforts, delaying fatigue and optimising performance.

So we know what we want, but how do we achieve these adaptations?

To put it simply we must expose ourselves to higher levels of CHO and exercise at sufficient levels to stress the corresponding energy system i.e. the glycolytic system (N.B. rough guide >70% VO2 max). This ‘stresses’ the pathways involved in CHO transport and utilisation, resulting in adaptations to meet the demands placed upon them.

Increased expression (activity) of SGLT-1 and Glut 5 protein transporters, enhance CHO absorption through the gut, transport rates ~1.26g.min noted. Resulting, therefore, in more efficient ingestion and absorption. Enzyme activity is also improved. Phosphofructokinase (PFK), hexokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH?), key rate-limiting enzymes in glycolytic energy production, see expression increased.

A greater ability to access and maintain HI efforts elicited upon achievement of such adaptations. In essence, by optimising CHO absorption and utilisation we allow for attainment and, more importantly, maintenance of HI performance levels. Of interest is the lack of change in Glut 4 activity, supporting the theory that it is gut transport that is the major limiter of CHO utilisation.

N.B. Glut 4 is responsible glucose transport into skeletal musclebik

Dosage

Recommendations vary dependent upon athlete training status and workload. Doses range from 5-12g.kg.BW in endurance athletes. For those of a more recreational level, beginning at the bottom end of the scale and experimenting with differing intakes would be of benefit.

It is worth noting that in a study investigating various intake levels, participants consuming 8.4g.kg.BW vs 5g.kg.BW achieved much larger adaptations, however, intakes of a level above this did not seem to induce any further significant improvements. Therefore, individuals need to allow themselves time to experiment with differing CHO intake and monitor results prior to implementing any pre-race strategies.

Supplementation

Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks, gels and energy bars are often used to aid performance. The composition and use of these ergogenic aids should be grounded in science. Different event durations benefit from different intakes. Surprisingly, events <60 minutes are believed to be significantly improved via CHO mouth rinse alone. Although mechanisms are currently debated the common consensus is that oral receptors detect the presence of CHO. They then relay this to the brain, stimulating the central nervous system (CNS) and eliciting responses in skeletal muscle and proteins thus increasing subsequent performance. Duration above this has a more defined structure.

Duration                Intake of CHO

60-120 minutes        30g.min

­120-180 minutes      60g.min

150 minutes               90g.min

Particular attention should be paid to CHO intake >60g.min. In supplementation of this quantity, it is important to utilise CHO sources containing both Glucose and Fructose, preventing saturation of the SGLT-1 transporter and the associated GI distress often evident. Activation of both the SGLT-1 and Glut 5 protein transporters through multiple CHO sources enhances absorption and, therefore, availability of CHO. This strategy is known as multiple transportable carbohydrate (MTC) supplementation.

In events lasting >180 minutes, a technique known as ‘Carbohydrate Loading’ may be very beneficial. A comprehensive look into ‘Carb Loading’ is beyond the scope of this article, but I will be writing an article shortly on this so keep an eye out!

In a nutshell ‘Carb Loading’ takes advantage of the greater insulin sensitivity induced by exercise. Post-exercise the body is primed to replenish its depleted glycogen stores. Manipulation of training to induce glycogen depletion within the body initiates a state of hyperinsulinemia.  Following this with an artificially high CHO intake, ~12g.kg.BW, maximises glycogen stores within the body, leading to better performance on race day. The protocol requires specific planning and alterations to both training and diet which can be of issue to some athletes, especially those with very specific pre-race routines. I will get into the nitty gritty of this in the upcoming article.

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So what do I take from this?

Carbohydrate is required to fuel high-intensity efforts.

Optimising gut and enzymatic adaptations increase our ability to utilise CHO and attain peak performance.

A combination of exercise and CHO exposure elicits the best adaptation

Fatigue in exercise of a duration >30 minutes is linked to CHO depletion

Different exercise durations benefit from different levels of CHO supplementation

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Our articles should be used for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be taken as medical advice. If you're concerned, consult a health professional before taking dietary supplements or introducing any major changes to your diet.
Jamie Wright
Jamie Wright Qualified Nutritionist
Jamie Wright has a bachelor's of science in Sports and exercise science and a Master's degree in Human Nutrition (specialising in obesity and weight management). Jamie specialises in nutrition centred around body composition change, sports nutrition and helping people improve their relationship with food. His company Balance are one of Ireland's leading nutritionist and dietetics services and he has worked with hundreds if not thousands of clients to help them solve all manner of nutrition related problems and achieve a vast range of diet related goals. They have recently launched the life changing course Be Binge Free, the first of its kind, and are continuing ongoing works on a range of projects. Jamie has worked with a range of industry leaders and featured as a nutritionist expert for Myprotein for over five years and with other brands like Insider, Adidas, Women's Health and more. Jamie's experience ranges from working in research trials to advising on product formulations, working with clients one to one, in group settings and presenting to public and private companies. He continues his professional development to this day and is currently undergoing his personal training qualifications. Having recently become a Dad, his spare time is filled spending time with his family, training, running, socialising and spending time cooking.

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